Factors Influencing Fertility Intentions and Population Growth in Contemporary China
Keywords:
fertility intentions, population growth, demographic transition, low fertility, family planning, urbanization, gender equality, labor market, digital economy, ChinaAbstract
China is experiencing a significant demographic transition characterized by declining fertility rates, population aging, and shifts in reproductive preferences among younger generations. Despite the implementation of policies designed to encourage childbearing, fertility intentions remain below replacement level, raising concerns about future population growth, labor force sustainability, and long-term socioeconomic development. This article examines the major factors influencing fertility intentions and population growth in contemporary China, focusing on economic conditions, employment opportunities, educational attainment, housing affordability, gender roles, digital transformation, family support systems, urbanization, and changing social values. The study explores how these interconnected factors shape individual and household decisions regarding marriage and childbearing. Particular attention is given to the impact of technological advancement, labor market restructuring, income inequality, and evolving work–family dynamics on reproductive behavior. The article further investigates the implications of declining fertility for economic productivity, social welfare systems, and demographic stability. Through a comprehensive analysis of contemporary demographic trends and socioeconomic developments, the study highlights the complex relationship between population policies and individual fertility choices. The findings suggest that fertility intentions are increasingly influenced by broader structural and cultural factors rather than policy incentives alone. Addressing low fertility and sustaining population growth will therefore require integrated approaches that reduce economic pressures, improve work–life balance, strengthen family support mechanisms, and promote gender equality. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the demographic challenges facing China and offers insights into strategies for fostering sustainable population development in the twenty-first century.
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